Free Essays on Korean Jewelry

Silla, Paekche, and Karak are known as the three realms in the Three Kingdoms time frame that happened around between the long stretches of 37 B. C. E. also, 668 C. E. In meeting up in solidarity, these three realms appreciated more opportunity than they had for a long time due to the absence of battling between their three realms just as the bound together front that they introduced to other people. Attacks turned out to be less successive from shared adversaries, to be specific Japan and China, who might proceed to attack and overwhelm Korea even in the twentieth century. The Three Kingdoms time frame was a period of prospering workmanship and capacity. It was a period that Korea started to see more things Chinese chiefly due to an intrusion of another sort, Buddhism. It was during this time numerous Korean individuals, for the most part chungin class craftsmen, started to see and mimic Chinese craftsmanship that was starting to be imported. The chungin class in Korea was known as white collar class. Theirs was a little gathering that comprised of instructed workers, for example, space experts, doctors, mediators and specialists. This gathering was subordinate to the yangban, or honorability. The yangban’s taste in workmanship contrasted in that from the chungin class. The chungin favored an increasingly reasonable way to deal with craftsmanship while the yangban’s taste was for the more fanciful and incredible. The chungin likewise wanted to talk in their local tongue, Hanguk (Korean) while the yangban thought of it as indecent not to talk in Chinese. Every Korean individuals who could compose as of now did as such in Chinese in light of the fact that the Korean characters were not â€Å"created† until the fifteenth century by King Sejong. Most privileged insights of the metal smithing and etching have stayed recently that, insider facts. There is an absence of composed data on most Korean abilities on the grounds that most gifted specialists used the ace understudy arrangement of going data through ages. Whatever we do think about the making of workmanship during this opportunity arrives from the compositions of ... Free Essays on Korean Jewelry Free Essays on Korean Jewelry Silla, Paekche, and Karak are known as the three realms in the Three Kingdoms time frame that happened around between the long periods of 37 B. C. E. furthermore, 668 C. E. In meeting up in solidarity, these three realms delighted in more opportunity than they had for a long time as a result of the absence of battling between their three realms just as the brought together front that they introduced to other people. Intrusions turned out to be less successive from shared adversaries, in particular Japan and China, who might proceed to attack and surpass Korea even in the twentieth century. The Three Kingdoms time frame was a period of thriving workmanship and capacity. It was a period that Korea started to see more things Chinese for the most part in view of an attack of another sort, Buddhism. It was during this time numerous Korean individuals, predominantly chungin class specialists, started to see and mimic Chinese craftsmanship that was starting to be imported. The chungin class in Korea was known as working class. Theirs was a little gathering that comprised of taught workers, for example, stargazers, doctors, mediators and craftsmen. This gathering was subordinate to the yangban, or respectability. The yangban’s taste in workmanship varied in that from the chungin class. The chungin favored a progressively sensible way to deal with craftsmanship while the yangban’s taste was for the more illusory and fabulous. The chungin additionally liked to talk in their local tongue, Hanguk (Korean) though the yangban thought of it as revolting not to talk in Chinese. Every single Korean individuals who could compose right now did as such in Chinese on the grounds that the Korean characters were not â€Å"created† until the fifteenth century by King Sejong. Most insider facts of the metal smithing and etching have stayed quite recently that, mysteries. There is an absence of composed data on most Korean aptitudes on the grounds that most talented laborers used the ace understudy arrangement of going data through ages. Whatever we do think about the making of workmanship during this opportunity arrives from the compositions of ...

Some Aspects of Muslim Educational System in Pre-Colonial India

A few ASPECTS OF THE MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN PRE-COLONIAL INDIA by Aamir Bashir ABSTRACT This paper investigates a portion of the until now less known parts of the Muslim Educational System in pre-pilgrim India. It inspects the expansive forms of this framework by taking a gander at the open disposition towards information, researchers and understudies; the different sorts of establishments, and the advancement of educational program. It likewise takes a gander at the profundity of Indian scholars’ commitment with IadEth and different sciences. At last, it likewise takes a gander at Sufis and their disposition towards the different Islamic sciences.The paper recommends that the instructive arrangement of the period under investigation was natural in structure and was in line with the necessities of the individual and the general public. The course of study was a decent harmony between the worldly and the strict. Indian ‘ulamE were completely drawn in with the IadEth sciences; and in conclusion, the Sufis gave extraordinary significance to every single Islamic science. This paper recommends that the recorded Muslim instructive framework in pre-frontier India gives important assets to the issues looked by present day instructive systems.INTRODUCTION The point of this paper is to uncover a portion of the until now less known parts of the Muslim Educational System in pre-pilgrim India. By pre-frontier India, we allude to the time from the approach of Islam in India in the start of the eighth century CE up to the union of pilgrim rule in the eighteenth century. 1 This short paper can't do equity to all the subtleties of the Muslim Educational System during this period. Along these lines, we will keep ourselves to just a few parts of it. These incorporate the advancement of the educational program throughout the hundreds of years, and general shapes of the instructive system.We will likewise be testing some traditional speculations. These incorporat e the idea that before the happening to the press, books were hard to come by in India. The other is that IadEth was generally secret in India until the happening to ShEh WalE AllEh (d. 1762). We will introduce singular episodes which we feel to be illustrative of a more extensive pattern and from these we will reach general inferences. During the period under investigation Muslim guideline bit by bit stretched out from Sindh to incorporate the entire of Northern India until it got one of the three significant Muslim forces of that time under 1All the dates referenced in this paper are CE (BC) dates except if in any case noted. the Great Mughals,2 Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Iran being the other two. Such a solid and immense realm required a solid regulatory structure which thusly required a successful arrangement of instruction. As we will see later, instruction was adequately looked for after, and accommodated during this time, to such an extent that India around then could well co ntrast and regularly contend and the focal terrains of Islam in the field of grant. 3POSITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATION IN ISLAM We start our examination with taking a gander at the situation of information and training in Islam. Various Qur’anic refrains and Prophetic customs set up the centrality of information in Islam. The stanzas incorporate â€Å"Are the individuals who know and the individuals who don't know the same? † (39:9); the principal disclosure â€Å"Read for the sake of your Lord who created† (96:1); and the supplication educated in the Qur’an, â€Å"Say (O MuIammad), My Lord! Increment me in knowledge† (20:114). Correspondingly, the Prophetic conventions (aIEdEth) admonishing individuals to look for information are likewise well known.Examples remember the popular custom for which the Prophet is accounted for to have stated, â€Å"It is compulsory upon each Muslim to look for information. †4 At some other time, he said â₠¬Å"Seek information regardless of whether you need to go to China. †5 Similarly, al-TirmidhE has detailed an IadEth where the Prophet (Allah favor him and give him harmony) stated, â€Å"The greatness of a researcher upon the admirer resembles my greatness over the least one among you. † 6 This accentuation upon information and instruction has been underestimated in Muslim social orders since the start of Islam.The strict reason for the quest for information brought about characterizing the target of training as al-fawz bi al-sa‘Edah fi al-dErayn I. e. to prevail through rapture in this world and the great beyond. This thusly inferred instruction ought to be obtained 2 â€Å"Great Mughals† is a term used to allude to the initial six Mughal Emperors of India. These are, in sequential request, BEbar, HumEyEn, Akbar, JahEngEr, ShEh JahEn and Awrangzeb. These are the first and the best of all Mughal Emperors. Taking all things together, they ruled from 1526 to 1707 with a multi year interregnum from 1539 till 1555.The domain arrived at its peak with Awrangzeb (ruled from 1658-1707) and after his passing started her decrease which finished with the catch of the last Mughal sovereign BahEdur ShEh Zafar on account of the British in 1857. 3 S. M. Jaffar, Education in Muslim India, (Delhi: IdEra Adabiyyat-e-DillE, 1972), viii. 4 AbE Bakr AImad ibn al-? usayn al-BayhaqE, Shu‘ab al-OmEn, (Beirut: DEr al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1410AH), 2:253. 5 Ibid. 6 MuIammad ‘Abd al-RaImEn ibn ‘Abd al-RaIEm MubErakpurE, TuIfat al-AIwadhE bi SharI JEmi‘ al-TirmidhE, ed. Abd al-RaImEn MuIammad ‘UthmEn, (Beirut: DEr al-Fikr, n. d. ), 7:456. 1. To comprehend the desire of God and to lead one’s life as indicated by it. 2. To teach Islamic qualities in oneself. 3. To develop refined conduct in oneself. 7 As can be seen from these targets, securing information was viewed as a holy obligation. It was the sole way to progress. In formation (‘ilm) and practice (‘amal) were between connected. Guidance (ta‘lEm) went connected at the hip with preparing (ta’dEb). The conventional Islamic idea of instruction was, along these lines, all encompassing as comprehended at that time.Muslim researchers had partitioned information into two sections, the farI ‘ayn (separately compulsory) and the farI kifEyah (altogether required); however there was no exacting detachment between the strict and the mainstream sciences. Both framed piece of an incorporated entirety. THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC ATTITUDE As we have seen above, Islam has put impressive accentuation upon information. As a result of this we find that, verifiably, the general mentality of Muslims, all through the world, towards information, researchers and understudies had been that of reverence.In each land, there were to be discovered a critical number of individuals who had devoted themselves to learning as well as instruct ing. Simultaneously, the overall population thought of it as a demonstration of love to support the researchers and the understudies. This open disposition combined with security of the streets kept up by steady and solid Muslim governments, empowered individuals to move across significant stretches looking for information. Despite the unrefined methods for transport, individuals were continually progressing; understudies deciding to learn, educators going to instruct. GhulEm ‘AlE OzEd BilgirEmE (d. 785) writes in his book Ma’Ethir al-KirEm, which is a recorded record of sixteenth/seventeenth century Mughal India, that: Seekers of information travel in hoards starting with one spot then onto the next. Any place, the circumstance is pleasing, they get going in learning†¦. The wealthy individuals of every town deal with these searchers of information and think of it as an amazing privilege to serve them. 8 7 8 Al-Nadvi and Moinuddin, Survey of Muslim Education: India , (Cambridge: The Islamic Academy, 1985), 5. Sayyid ManE? ir AIsan GElEnE, PEk-o-Hind fundamental MusalmEnon kE Ni? Em-e-Ta‘lEm-o-Tarbiyyat. Lahore: Maktaba RaImEniyya, n. d. ) 19. The educators involved a high situation in the public arena. Despite the fact that their remittances were not generally incredible, they deserved all inclusive admiration and certainty. GilEnE makes reference to various episodes when the educators, disregarding their neediness, would not acknowledge any money related assistance from others; and whatever help or blessing was acknowledged, the supplier consistently believed it to be a respect for his blessing to have been acknowledged. 9 This demeanor was across the board all through the period under survey. Indeed, even absolutist rulers demonstrated concession to the ‘ulamE and the Sufis. Ni?EmE has likewise referenced a few episodes of ‘ulamE and Sufis declining illustrious blessings even while experiencing wretched neediness. 10 For so me, neediness was a picked way and the illustrious blessings were viewed as fixing long stretches of patient difficult work. Establishments The primary organizations for instructing and getting the hang of during the time of Muslim principle in India were maktabs and madrasahs,11 mosques and khEnqEhs (Sufi focuses), and private houses. Pretty much every mosque filled in as a primary school. In any case, an enormous number of famous researchers and men of letter instructed freely and even upheld the understudies who came to them to study.This then was the establishment whereupon the entire framework was assembled; the educator and the understudy. The issue of budgetary designations for school structures and arrangement of different administrations was not the top most need for these individuals. What was most significant was the presence of an earnest educator and a true understudy. In the event that these two were getting, different things could be extemporized. OzEd has referenced a popular educator of his old neighborhood Bilgiram, MEr MubErak. He instructed there for quite a long time however all through this time, he was situated in the verandah of a specific respectable of the town. verandah. 2 simultaneously, the state was not careless to issues of instruction. Rulers just as neighborhood Nawabs and other wealthy individuals thought of it as a demonstration of temperance to construct maktabs, madrasahs and to help instructors and understudies. We discover a system of such foundations; oneman schools just as bigger progressively sorted out issues; dispersed all through the length and expansiveness 9 Hundreds came and concentrated from him yet he kept on working from that Ibid. , 24. Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during the thirteenth century, (Bombay: Asia Publishing, 1961), 15

Chemistry and Society Essay Example for Free

Science and Society Essay Science is a huge amount of a person’s regular daily existence. An individual can discover science in their day by day life in the nourishments that an individual eats, air an individual inhales, cleanser, and precisely everything an individual interacts with. Science is noteworthy in regular day to day existence since synthetic concoctions make up everything throughout everyday life. For instance, a person’s body, pet, a work area, the sun, food, and medications an individual may take, to give some examples. An individual can watch changes in science brought about by synthetic responses, for example, leaves evolving hues, preparing food, and blending a cleaning item. Realizing science can enable an individual to settle on everyday decisions that influence their life. For instance, if an individual should combine certain family synthetic substances. Precision is the extent where a specific estimation concurs with the standard worth for that estimation (Dictionary, 2011). Accuracy is the means by which close the deliberate measures are to one another (Math is fun, 2011). Society relies upon exactness and accuracy in regular daily existence. These two connections are frequently subbed openly, yet both have critical contrasts. Organizations involve both exact and exact estimations to remain in business. Exactness expresses that something is consistent with a distinguished rate, though accuracy is the volume of detail something conveys. Society relies upon exactness and accuracy in numerous spots. One case is the gas siphons. The gas siphon can show exactness when the gas is streaming, yet this is definitely not an exact estimation of how much gas is siphoning through the siphons. Gas siphons must not just skill much gas is siphoning through the siphons yet additionally how exact the estimation of gas siphoned. The gas organizations need to realize what amount is siphoned with the goal that the organization can charge the perfect sum for the gas. Some of the time in regular daily existence an individual wouldn't like to be exact. For instance, in the event that somebody stops and requests headings to the closest service station an individual may state that the following corner store is around 10 minutes not far off. Giving headings to somebody is a way an individual can give exact data. Another model is, when estimating a room in the house to paint and having to realize how much paint to give. An individual can either gauge and give an exact estimation or give a precise estimation on the space to paint. Another exactness and precision an individual may use in consistently is to what extent it takes their youngster to complete the schoolwork. An exact answer is 20 minutes, however the exact answer would be 20 minutes and 20 seconds. Time is a fantastic method to be exact or exact. References Dictionary.com. (2011). Exactness. Recovered November 3, 2011 from http://dictionary.reference.com/peruse/exactness Math is enjoyable. (2011). Exactness and Precision. Recovered November 3, 2011 from http://www.mathsisfun.com/exactness precision.html

The extent of bankers' awareness, attitude towards social enterprises Dissertation - 1

The degree of investors' mindfulness, demeanor towards social ventures business modes and social undertakings' capacity to attr - Dissertation Example Most definitely, they are two wellsprings of funds awards and non-awards. It is, in any case, intriguing to take note of that lion's share of social ventures do back their social exercises through awards gave by different government or non-government establishments. The portion of the awards gave by open organizations is a lot higher. At the end of the day, social ventures do mostly fall back on government awards subsidizing for satisfying their social objectivities. (Anderson, Dees and Emerson, 2002; Guclu, Dees, and Anderson, 2002; Social endeavors need to rely upon outside wellsprings of money for satisfying their social destinations as more often than not they are unequipped for creating enough incomes from their business exercises to fund their social exercises (Dees, 1994). The all the more fascinating thing to take note of that is they don't depend much on non-awards fund as an outer wellspring of their money. Award reliance among social ventures is very common regardless of w hether awards force specific sort of limitation on their exercises (Anderson, Dees and Emerson, 2002; Alter, 2006). ... (Dees, 1994; Blau, 2005). Issue explanation obviously, notoriety of non-award accounts like obligation money, value fund and so forth have expanded after some time among social ventures. Many experienced social undertakings are currently utilizing blended methodology of financing whether their consolidating award and non-award funds to back their social exercises. By and large, non-award funds are still less well known in examination with award accounts and subsequently, the issues that social undertaking face while utilizing awards despite everything endures and function as deterrents in the way of acknowledgment of their objectives. (Wei-Skillern, Leonard, and Stevenson, 2007; Dees, 1994) There are sure purposes for less-reliance on non-award fund, especially loaning which is viewed as one of the most widely recognized wellsprings of account for any business endeavor. The supervisors and originators of social endeavors by and large case that customary moneylender like banks don't m indful of their exceptional needs and have a negative disposition identifying with the issue of stretching out advances to them. This case is halfway obvious. From the perspective of a moneylender, especially of an investor, the progression of income and the limit of paying all the obligations with premium are the key components and measures for surveying the advance utilization of any association. In any case, reimbursing credit with interests is surely a test for the chiefs of those endeavors that work so as to meet some social destinations. (Dees, Emerson, and Economy, 2001; Blau, 2005) Since social enterprises’ operational destinations are unmistakable from those of regular business endeavors, the standards for surveying applications for credits ought not be same as

Costs and Benefits from Clinton to Bush Essay

Under the organization of previous president Bill Clinton during the financial year of 1999, roughly $108. 2 million was spent on outskirt control which incorporates tasks from criminal equity, law requirement and genuine fringe watch along the twenty-four U. S. - Mexico fringes alone (â€Å"Illegal Immigrants in U. S. /Mexico Border Counties Coalition†). In monetary year 2007 under the organization of President George Bush, around $7. 8 billion was looked to fund the entire fringe watch tasks which was generally $1 billion more than a year ago (Campbell). The bounce in the spending portion from 2006 depends on the objective of President Bush to include 12,000 more fringe watch specialists the nation over. Be that as it may, in 2001 and earlier years during the Clinton administration, the fringe control tasks were just supported with a normal of about $2 billion every year (Schmitt). The expansion in the subsidizing for outskirt watch from the Clinton through the Bush organizations has prepared for more watch types of gear, watch specialists and different assets important for making sure about the fringes. Be that as it may, the expansion in both labor and watching offices and types of gear has not so much slowed down unlawful migrants from intersection the outskirts. The explanation for this is in January of 2000 there were roughly 7 million unlawful workers in America as per the Center for Immigration Studies or CIS (â€Å"How Many Illegal Aliens are in the U. S.? †) and practically 50% of outsiders after year 2000 were expatriates assessed at around 3. 7 million (Camarota). The proceeded with illicit migration to the United States is evidence that fringe watch measures are not adequate which clearly remains as the essential purpose for the proceeded with increment in subsidizing. While the advantages from these measures incorporate the diminishing of illicit migration, the issue of unlawful movement can scarcely be halted in a limited ability to focus time as it has been a significant worry for over 10 years as of now. Works Cited Camarota, Steven A. â€Å"Immigrants at Mid-Decade: A Snapshot of America’s Foreign-Born Population in 2005†. Place for Immigration Studies. August 9, 2008. <http://www. cis. organization/articles/2005/back1405. html>. Campbell, Dakin. â€Å"Big Payoff for Big Business on Border Security? â€Å". 2007. NewsInitiative. Organization. August 9 2008. <http://www. newsinitiative. organization/story/2006/07/27/big_payoff_for_big_business>. â€Å"How Many Illegal Aliens are in the U. S.? † 2007. The American Resistance, August 9, 2008. <http://www. theamericanresistance. com/ref/illegal_alien_numbers. html>. â€Å"Illegal Immigrants in U. S. /Mexico Border Counties Coalition†. Washington, DC: U. S. /Mexico Border Counties Coalition, February 2001. Schmitt, Eric. â€Å"Ambivalence Prevails in Immigration Policy†. 2001. New York Times. August 9, 2008. <http://question. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9E05EED9173CF934A15756C0A9679C8B63>.

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity Addiction Alcohol Use Print Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 Peter Dazely/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Is drinking alcohol linked to obesity? The answer is it is possible, although research on the association has produced inconsistent results. It may be that its not how often you drink, but how much you drink when you do drink that affects weight gain. Some research suggests that its your pattern of drinking that affects your body mass index (BMI). Body mass index (BMI) is the relationship of someones weight to their height. It is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. A BMI measurement of 18.5 to 25 indicates normal weight; 25 to 30 is overweight, and over 30 is considered obese. Pattern of Drinking Is a Factor A study of 37,000 drinkers who never smoked tobacco, found that BMI was linked to the number of drinks the subjects had on the days that they did drink. Because previous studies had linked smoking and drinking to weight gain, the NIAAA study looked at only those drinkers who had never smoked. In our study, men and women who drank the smallest quantity of alcoholâ€"one drink per drinking dayâ€"with the greatest frequencyâ€"three to seven days per weekâ€"had the lowest BMIs, said first author Rosalind A. Breslow, Ph.D., while those who infrequently consumed the greatest quantity had the highest BMIs. Contradictory and Inconsistent Results Previous studies have not definitively linked alcohol consumption with weight gain. A systematic review of the literature on the subject found that cohort studies with long periods of follow-up produced contradictory results. Findings from short-term experimental trials also failed to show a clear trend regarding drinking and obesity. Overall, the review found, that research has not established a clear link between alcohol consumption and weight gain. But, studies that did positively link alcohol consumption with weight gain mainly involved higher levels of drinking. Quantity and Frequency Are Factors Breslows study used a different method of assessing alcohol consumption compared to previous studies, she explained. Alcohol consumption consists of two components, explained Dr. Breslow, the amount consumed on drinking days (quantity), and how often drinking days occur (frequency). Previous studies generally examined drinking based only on average volume consumed over time. However, the average volume provides a limited description of alcohol consumption as it does not account for drinking patterns. For example, an average volume of 7 drinks per week could be achieved by consuming 1 drink each day or 7 drinks on a single day. Average volume may not fully explain important relations between quantity and frequency of drinking and health outcomes such as obesity. Heavy Drinking May Stimulate Eating Breslow and her colleagues concluded that there may be several reasons that her study found a link between both quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption to BMI. Alcohol is a significant source of calories, and drinking may stimulate eating, particularly in social settings, said Dr. Breslow. However, calories in liquids may fail to trigger the physiologic mechanism that produces the feeling of fullness. It is possible that, in the long-term, frequent drinkers may compensate for energy derived from alcohol by eating less, but even infrequent alcohol-related overeating could lead to weight gain over time. Type of Alcohol May Be a Factor Other studies have indicated that the type of alcohol consumed may be a factor in whether nor not drinkers experience weight gain. For example, light-to-moderate wine consumption has been found to protect against weight gain, while drinking spirits has been positively associated with weight gain. Additionally, common sense tells us that its called a beer belly for a reason. So, what is the bottom line? Does drinking alcohol cause weight gain or not? Does Drinking Cause Weight Gain? The answer could be yes if you: Drink heavily when you do drinkDrink beer and liquor, instead of wineIf you have a tendency for weight gain to begin with Scientists agree that more studies are needed to determine if drinking patterns increase the risks for weight gain if certain types of alcohol are more likely to cause weight gain and if the persons general tendency to gain weight regardless of their drinking is a factor when they do begin to drink.

The role of Equal Access in Gender Equality Campaigns - 275 Words

The role of Equal Access in Gender Equality Campaigns (Essay Sample) Content: The role of Equal Access in Gender Equality CampaignsName:Institution:Instructor:Date of Submission:IntroductionThis paper is a critique of two readings based on sports violence and how it becomes connected with gender on the basis of equal access. It is a focus on the role of equal access to sports and that of violence in sports. Sports violence is the use of excessive force or dirty words as well as gestures that can physically or emotionally harm another person (Messner, 1990). One of the two readings used in this critique is a book written by Messner. It focuses on the role of masculinity in promoting violence and aggression in sports, with a particular focus on American Football. The paper discusses the sources of this violence as well as its effects on the athlete and the injured opponent. It is a description of the role of sports in promoting male hegemony through violence. The other book used in this critique focuses upon on the effects of sports violence in o ur lives by Danielson. It focuses on the cradle of violence in sports and how much it affects those directly as well as indirectly involved.When Bodies are Weapons: Masculinity and Violence in SportsMessner argues from a feminist approach, and states that women have been left out of sports by men due to the use of aggression and violence. The author believes that the use of force and violence in sports was as a way to show dominance by male players, especially in Football. This argument is based on the fact that male players came up with sports violence to proof the superiority of masculinity over the female gender (Messner, 1990). There are fewer accounts of women being involved in sport violence than those related to men.Access for women into certain sports becomes difficult as it is made only suitable for masculine violence and aggression, with the strongest and biggest players becoming heroes in their teams. Messner believes that women play in a less violent environment, thus th eir game may not be as entertaining to the violence-oriented fans. All of the players interviewed by Messner were males who believed that sport violence was as long as it was committed within the rules while others thought it was a misuse of the body, which later suffered injuries. Messner depicts sports violence as acquired behavior gained from support from peers, coaches and the society as a whole (1990).Messner finds out that women are treated at weaker to men in terms of their capability to be aggressive and violent in sports. For instance, one spectator tells the author that it would be difficult for a woman to take a hit from a prominent "hitter" in the football game (Messner, 1990). In another picture, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s role has become that of cheering the men as they played.VIOLENCE IN SPORTS: How Does It Affect Our Lives?Danielson also agrees that women have been left out of sports through violence, but hints at more access for female players to the game. For example, Dani elson states that women also take part in violent sports like boxing. For instance, the bout between Frazer and Laila Ali was a violent sport preceded by aggression through verbal communication (Danielson, 1996).In the book, the author argues that sports violence started with blood games, which were a preparation for war in ancient days, and they had weak or no rules at all. However, blood games were later on regulated. They were dominated by male players, a factor that has lived to date. The book brings forward a greater view of the types of violence experien...

Essay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace - 1449 Words

Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continent. For this reason, profit and non-profit organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital†¦show more content†¦The implicit assumption is that how you want to be treated is how others want to be treated. But when you look at this proverb through a diversity perspective, you begin to ask the question: what does respect look like; does it look the same for everyone? Does it mean saying hello in the morning, or leaving someone alone, or making eye contact when you speak? It depends on the individual. We may share similar values, such as respect or need for recognition, but how we show those values through behavior may be different for different groups or individuals. How do we know what different groups or individuals need? Perhaps instead of using the golden rule, we could use the platinum rule which states: treat others as they want to be treated. Moving our frame of reference from what may be our default view (our way is the best way) to a diversity-sensitive perspective (lets take the best of a variety of ways) will help us to manage more effectively in a diverse work environment (UCSF). Role You have a key role in transforming the organizational culture so that it more closely reflects the values of our diverse workforce. Some of the skills needed are: †¢ an understanding and acceptance of managing diversity concepts †¢ recognition that diversity is threaded through every aspect of management †¢ self-awareness, in terms of understanding your own culture, identity, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes †¢ willingness to challengeShow MoreRelatedManaging Diversity in the Workplace1043 Words   |  5 PagesManaging diverse employees in a multicultural environment proves challenging to managers; yet, increasing diversity in the workplace is very beneficial for an organization. Diverse employees will provide a wider array of talents and will relate better to varied customers. Because managers have more influence than rank-and-file employees, it is imperative that managers commit to diversity of the workforce. Dissimilarities among people due to differences in characteristics can erode companies. FirstlyRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pagesare instances, however, when workplace behavior can get out of hand and be inappropriate, causing a rift between employees. Many companies today hold yearly ethics courses designed to pinpoint an acceptable quality of behavior from their employees and also open up the floor to those who have issues with the company and its policies. Sometimes confronting an issue head on in a supportive environment will help find a positive solution to any issues of harassment or workplace abuse. Harassment should notRead MoreEssay on Managing Diversity in the Workplace1207 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy once said If we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1 Kelli A. Green, Mayra Là ³pez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner2 Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are nowRead MoreManaging Diversity Within The Workplace1605 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- Managing Diversity in the workplace requires a lot of focus, training, and time. This paper gives an insight into the world of management and how diversity plays a big part. It explores the key benefits to putting emphasis on diversity and also how not putting emphasis on diversity could hurt your business. This paper also gives examples on how to go about managing diversity in the workplace. With proper focus on managing diversity, your organization can be at a big advantage. I. 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The Philippines A Struggling Economy - 1620 Words

The Philippines has long been a country with a struggling economy. Ever since World War II, they have struggled to have a steady government and labor system. Independence did not bring any social changes to the country. The hacienda system still persists in the country, where large estates are farmed by sharecroppers. More the half the population are peasants and 20 percent of the population owns 60 percent of the land. Although the sharecropper is supposed to receive half of the harvest, most of the peasants actual income goes to paying off debts to the landowner. Poverty and conflict strained the industrial growth of the country with many Presidents trying to fix the problems, but failing to do so. Factors that have faced the†¦show more content†¦It has become a serious problem particularly in Manila. Authorities have acknowledges an average of 18 murders are committed in the country every day and kidnappings, rapes, and drug related crimes are also frequent. The high level of crime is a reason why foreign investors do not favor the Philippines, and is a factor in the fall in tourists. Organized crime within the Philippines mainly deals with drug-trafficking. The huge sums earned in the drug trade attract politicians, law enforcement officials, and leading business figures, which undermine attempts to reduce official corruption. There have been many political figures who have been accused of having cooperated with one of the drug gangs while heading a national police. The Philippines has had little success in stopping the drug problems within the country. Companies within the Philippines which include foreign firms are very concerned with the crime that is rampant within the country, which hurts the economy if there are no businesses willing to take the risk in investing their money into the country. The Philippines is one of the largest island groups in the world. There are more then 7,100 islands which extend 1,851 km north to south. 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Planning Steps Workforce Planning Strategy - 1412 Words

Planning Steps Workforce planning strategy. In analyzing the results of this gap analysis, it was noted that the department must plan strategically to properly address its workforce planning and development needs. Such planning would provide AGD with flexibility in its workforce and the ability to identify skills across the department which might be deployed to flexible work teams. A number of concerns, constraints or risks were identified which needed to be taken into account in the development and maintenance of a workforce planning strategy. Step 1: Identify Workforce Issues. Step 1: Employers Identify Workforce Issues tied to changes in strategic business plan and other new business initiatives. Go straight to developing workforce proposals, strategies, and programs. Employing Organization Workforce Functions The employing organization has to identify needed competencies and for building the future workforce through strategic recruitment, training, development, and retention techniques by: Step 1: Plan the Workforce Function. Identify Work Functions, Identify the work functions that must be performed in order to accomplish in accordance with strategic plans. Step 2: Identify Workforce Goals. Workforce goals are broad, high-level statements that address the key workforce issues. They describe the desired outcomes, but do not include specific strategies or performance measures. Identify Staffing Requirements. Identify the staffing, both in number of staff andShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Planning : The Organization s Long Term Goals And Strategies Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Planning are the procedures for making decisions about the organization’s long-term goals and strategies. 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Benefits Of Customer Service Experience - 1592 Words

Too often excellent customer service is seen as just doing whatever the customer asks. It isn t. And that s not realistic. You won’t always be able to give your customers everything they want whenever they want it. Other books you’ll read will tell you to just do it, give the customer what they want, just make it happen, whatever it is. That’s not realistic. You know it and I know it. Just because you can’t do it, or because something won’t happen right away it doesn’t excuse you continuing to build the customer service experience. Even in those moments when the customer is on hold, or when they’re waiting for what is being worked on, customer service is still happening. And keeping your customers up-to-date on the events taking place is critical to ensuring that an exceptional experience happens even when customers can’t get instant service. 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Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 12 Free Essays

I’m not sure if it was the fresh air or the flowers Emily had brought me, but I slept soundly that night. The next morning I woke up to bright sunlight in my chambers and, for the first time since Rosalyn’s death, didn’t bother to drink the concoction Cordelia had left on my nightstand. The smell of cinnamon and eggs floated up from the kitchen, and I heard the snort of the horses as Alfred hitched them outside. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a second, I felt a thrill of possibility and the nascent bud of happiness. â€Å"Stefan!† my father boomed on the other side of the door, rapping three times with his walking stick or riding crop. Just like that, I remembered all that had transpired in the past week, and my malaise returned. I remained silent, hoping he’d simply go away. But instead he swung the door open. He was wearing his riding breeches and carried his black riding crop, a smile on his face and a sprig of a violet flower in his lapel. It was neither pretty nor fragrant; in fact, it looked like one of the herbs Cordelia grew down by the servants’ quarters. â€Å"We’re going riding,† Father announced as he swung open the shutters. I shaded my eyes against the glare. Was the world always so bright? â€Å"This chamber needs to be cleaned and you, my boy, need sun.† â€Å"But I should really attend to my studies,† I said, gesturing limply to the volume of Macbeth open on my desk. Father took the book and closed it with a definitive clap. â€Å"I need to speak to you and Damon, away from any prying ears.† He glanced suspiciously around the chambers. I followed his gaze but saw nothing except for a collection of dirty dishes that Cordelia hadn’t yet cleared. As if on cue, Damon strode into the room, wearing a pair of mustard-colored breeches and his gray Confederate coat. â€Å"Father!† Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"Don’t tell me you’re on about that demon nonsense again.† â€Å"It’s not nonsense!† Father roared. â€Å"Stefan, I’ll see you and your brother at the stable,† he said, turning on his heel and striding out. Damon shook his head, then followed him, leaving me to change. I put on my full riding costume–a gray waistcoat and brown breeches–and sighed, not sure I had enough strength to ride or to endure another marathon bickering session between my father and brother. When I opened the door, I found Damon standing at the bottom of the curved staircase, waiting. â€Å"Feeling better, brother?† Damon asked as we walked out the door and across the lawn together. I nodded, even as I noticed the spot under the willow tree where I’d found Rosalyn. The grass willow tree where I’d found Rosalyn. The grass was long and bright green, and squirrels were darting around the tree’s gnarled trunk. Sparrows chirped, and the drooping branches of the weeping willow looked lush and full of promise. There was no sign that anything had been amiss. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached the stable, inhaling the familiar, loved scent of well- oiled leather and sawdust. â€Å"Hi, girl,† I whispered into Mezzanotte’s velvety ear. She whinnied in appreciation. Her coat seemed silky-smooth, even more so than the last time I’d brushed it. â€Å"Sorry I haven’t come to visit you, but it looks like my brother’s taken good care of you.† â€Å"Actually, Katherine’s taken a shine to her. Which is too bad for her own horses.† Damon smiled fondly as he jerked his chin to two coal- black mares in the corner. Indeed, they were stamping their feet and staring at the ground dejectedly, as if to express just how ignored and lonely they were. â€Å"Y ou’ve been spending quite a bit of time with Katherine,† I said finally. It was a statement, not a question. Of course he had been. Damon always had an ease around women. I knew he knew women, especially after his year in the Confederate army. He’d told me stories about some of the women he’d met in cities like Atlanta and Lexington that had made me blush. Did he know Katherine? â€Å"I have been,† Damon said, swinging his leg over the back of his horse, Jake. He didn’t elaborate. â€Å"Ready, boys?† Father called, his horse impatiently stamping its feet. I nodded and fell into stride behind Damon and Father as we headed to the Wickery Bridge, all the way on the other end of the property. We crossed the bridge and continued on into the forest. I blinked in relief. The sunlight had been too bright. I much preferred the dark shadows of the trees. The woods were cool, with wet leaves covering the forest floor, even though there hadn’t been a rainstorm recently. The leaves were so thick, you could see only slight patches of blue sky, and occasionally I’d hear the rustle of a raccoon or badger in the underbrush. I tried not to think of the animal noises as coming from the beast that had attacked Rosalyn. We continued riding into the forest until we reached the clearing. Father abruptly stopped and hitched his horse to a birch tree. I obediently hitched Mezzanotte to a tree and glanced around. The clearing was marked by a collection of rocks set up in a rough circle, above which the trees parted to provide a natural window to the sky. I hadn’t been there in ages, not since before Damon went away. When we were boys, we used to play illicit card games here with the other fellows in town. Everyone knew the clearing was the place boys came to gamble, girls came to gossip, and everyone came to spill their secrets. If Father really meant to keep our conversation quiet, he’d have been better off taking us to the tavern to talk. â€Å"We’re in trouble,† Father said without preamble, glancing up at the sky. I followed his gaze, expecting to see a fast-moving summer storm. Instead, the sky was spotless and blue. I found no solace in this beautiful day. I was still haunted by Rosalyn’s lifeless eyes. â€Å"We’re not, Father,† Damon said thickly. â€Å"Y ou know who’s in trouble? All of the soldiers fighting this godforsaken war for this cause you’ve made me try to believe in. The problem is the war and your incessant need to find conflict everywhere you turn.† Damon angrily stomped his feet, reminding me so much of Mezzanotte that I stifled the urge to laugh. â€Å"I will not have you talk back to me!† Father said, shaking his fist at Damon. I glanced back and forth at the two of them, as though I were watching a tennis match. Damon towered over Father’s sloping shoulders, and for the first time I realized that Father was getting old. Damon put his hands on his hips. â€Å"Then talk. Let’s hear what you have to say.† I expected Father to shout, but instead he crossed to one of the rocks, his knees creaking as he bent to sit. â€Å"Y want to know why I left Italy? ou I left it for you. For my future children. I knew I wanted my sons to grow and marry and have children on land I owned and land I loved. And I do love this land, and I will not watch it be destroyed by demons,† Father said, flinging his hands wildly. I stepped back, and Mezzanotte whinnied a long, plaintive note. â€Å"Demons,† he repeated, as if to prove his point. â€Å"Demons?† Damon snorted. â€Å"More like big dogs. Don’t you see it’s talk like this that will make you lose everything? Y say you want a good life ou for us, but you’re always deciding how we’ll live that life. Y made me go to war and made Stefan ou get engaged, and now you’re making us believe your fairy tales,† Damon yelled in frustration. I glanced at Father guiltily. I didn’t want him to know I hadn’t loved Rosalyn. But Father didn’t look at me. He was too busy glowering at Damon. â€Å"All I wanted was for my boys to have the best. I know what we’re facing, and I do not have time for your schoolboy arguments. I am not telling tales right now.† Father glanced back at me, and I forced myself to look into his dark eyes. â€Å"Please understand. There are demons who walk among us. They existed in the old country, too. They walked the same earth, talked like humans. But they wouldn’t drink like humans.† â€Å"Well, if they don’t drink wine, that would be a blessing, wouldn’t it?† Damon asked sarcastically. blessing, wouldn’t it?† Damon asked sarcastically. I stiffened. I remembered all the times after Mother had died that Father would drink too much wine or whiskey, lock himself in the study, then mumble late into the night about ghosts or demons. â€Å"Damon!† Father said, his voice even sharper than my brother’s. â€Å"I will ignore your impudence. But I will not have you ignore me. Listen to me, Stefan.† Father turned toward me. â€Å"What you saw happen to your young Rosalyn wasn’t natural. It wasn’t one of Damon’s coyotes,† Father said, practically spitting out the word. â€Å"It was un vampiro. They were in the old country, and now they’re here,† Father said, screwing up his florid face. â€Å"And they are doing harm. They’re feeding on us. And we need to stop it.† â€Å"What do you mean?† I asked nervously, any trace of exhaustion or dizziness gone. All I felt was fear. I thought back to Rosalyn, but this time, instead of remembering her eyes, I remembered the blood on her throat, having flowed from the two precise circles on the side of her neck. I touched my own neck, feeling the pulse of blood beneath my skin. The rush below my fingers sped up as I felt my heart skip a beat. Could Father be †¦ right? â€Å"Father means that he’s been spending too much time listening to the church ladies tell their tales. Father, this is a story that would be told to scare a child. And not a very clever one. Everything you’re saying is nonsense.† Damon shook his head and angrily stood from his perch on the tree stump. â€Å"I will not sit around and be told ghost stories.† With that, he turned on his gold- buttoned boot and swung his foot up over Jake’s back, gazing down at Father, as if daring him to say one more thing. â€Å"Mark my words,† Father said, taking a step closer to me. â€Å"Vampires are among us. They look like us and can live among us, but they are not who we are. They drink blood. It is their elixir of life. They do not have souls, and they never die. They are forever immortal.† The word immortal made me suck in my breath. The wind changed, and the leaves began rustling. I shivered. â€Å"Vampires,† I repeated slowly. I’d heard the word once before, when Damon and I were schoolchildren and used to gather on the Wickery Bridge, trying to scare our friends. One boy had told us of seeing a figure kneeling down in the woods, feasting on the neck of a deer. The boy told us he had screamed and the figure had turned to him with hellred eyes, blood dripping from long, sharp teeth. A vampire, he said with conviction, glancing around the circle to see if he’d impressed any of us. But because he’d been pale and scrawny and not any good at shooting, we’d laughed and mocked him mercilessly. He and his family had moved to Richmond the next year. â€Å"Well, I’d take vampires over an insane father,† Damon said, kicking Jake’s flanks and riding off into the sunset. I turned toward Father, expecting an angry tirade. But Father simply shook his head. â€Å"Do you believe me, son?† he asked. I nodded, even though I wasn’t sure what I believed. All I knew was that somehow, in the past week, the whole world had changed, and I wasn’t sure where I fit in anymore. â€Å"Good.† Father nodded as we rode out of the forest and onto the bridge. â€Å"We must be careful. It seems the war has awakened the vampires. It’s as if they can smell blood.† The word blood echoed in my mind as we directed our horses to walk away from the cemetery and toward the shortcut through the fields that would lead to the pond. In the distance, I could see the sun reflecting on the pond’s surface. No one would ever imagine this verdant, rolling land as being a place where demons walked. Demons, if they existed at all, belonged in the old country, amid the decrepit churches and castles Father had grown up with. All the words Father said were familiar, but they sounded so strange in the place where he was saying them. Father glanced around as if to make sure no one was hiding in the bushes near the bridge. The horses were walking alongside the graveyard now, the headstones bright and imposing in the now, the headstones bright and imposing in the warm summer light. â€Å"Blood is what they feed on. It gives them power.† â€Å"But then †¦,† I said, as the information whirled in my brain. â€Å"If they are immortal, then how are we to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Kill them?† Father asked, finishing my thought. He pulled the reins on his horse. â€Å"There are methods. I’ve been learning. I’ve heard there’s a priest in Richmond who can try to exorcise them, but then people in town know †¦ some things,† he finished. â€Å"Jonathan Gilbert and Sheriff Forbes and I have discussed some preliminary measures.† â€Å"If there’s anything I can do †¦,† I offered finally, unsure what to say. â€Å"Of course,† Father said brusquely. â€Å"I expect you to be part of our committee. For starters, I’ve been talking to Cordelia. She knows her herbs, and she says there’s a plant called vervain.† Father’s hand fluttered to the flower on his lapel. â€Å"We will come up with a plan. And we will prevail. Because while they may have immortality, we have God on our side. It is kill or be killed. Do you understand me, boy? This is the war you’re being drafted to fight.† I nodded, feeling the full weight of the responsibility on my shoulders. Maybe this was what I was meant to be doing: not getting married or going off to war, but fighting an unnatural evil. I met Father’s gaze. â€Å"I’ll do whatever you want,† I said. â€Å"Anything.† The last thing I saw before I galloped back to the stable was the huge grin on Father’s face. â€Å"I knew you would, son. Y are a true Salvatore.† How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 12, Essay examples

Programming as an Art free essay sample

Throughout my public school career, teachers taught me to memorize formulas and apply them to specific types of problems. In math class, I learned trigonometric proofs and how to apply them to my homework problems, and in English, I relearned how to write a five paragraph essay every year. Looking back on my experiences, I feel that the public schools cheated me in one vital area: critical thinking. If a unique problem appeared in math class, it would take me a while to complete it, or I might just give up before I started, and the essays I wrote had become so generic, they were all basically the same. My ability to apply my knowledge, to critically think, had never been encouraged, and as a result, I suffered. My boring problems all changed to interesting ones when my friend introduced me to programming. Scott was a genius; he could write a program to solve any problem on a Texas Instruments calculator. We will write a custom essay sample on Programming as an Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He taught slowly, deliberately, but his teachings were unparalleled. After his lessons, programming on my calculator became my siren. It would call to me in math class, in English class, in any class. I could not escape it, and I did not want to. Everywhere I went, I brought a calculator with me just to get my fix. Eventually I moved on to bigger and better languages such as C++, a programming language used in computers. As I became more competent, I started to solve my own issues. I needed a program to play tic tac toe? No problem. What about compute some data using an algorithm? Easy. With my dive into programming, my critical thinking skills drastically improved. Instead of quitting when faced with a unique problem, I started to think about the basic principles that needed to be applied and could then easily solve it. I easily applied this skill set to the rest of my schooling, resulting in improved math grades and more varied essays. Everything seemed to benefit from my choice t o learn programming. As I came to find out, programming did not just help with school, it helped improve other parts of my life as well, namely connecting with others through empathy. Music class always seemed to occupy my life since the fifth grade, and when I discovered programming I realized the two were quite similar. Consider what happens when you perform music: you look over a set of notes and then interpret them for the audience. Simple in concept but difficult in reality. It is up to the performer to add a little nuance here or a pause there, making the piece of music their own. Programming requires this same creativity. When presented with a problem, you have to figure out how you will go about solving it. The programmer can choose to add in a certain function or optimize one that already exists. How you choose to structure your program to solve a problem is just like interpreting a piece of music. The interpretation of notes changes a piece of music into art. Similarly, the way the developer goes about solving a problem, interpreting the problem, changes his program into art. But what is art? Art is unique expression that creates empathy with the audience. With a piece of music, you can portray feeling and thought through the structure of the music, sharing with the audience how you feel, your art. A program can do the same. Think about applications on mobile phones today. What problems developers choose to solve and how they present their solutions expresses how the developer feels and think about a certain problem. By taking the time to provide a solution, the developer shares his thoughts and ideals, his art. Whenever artists share their art, they establish empathy between people. By viewing the art of someone else, you are almost compelled to imagine the situation the artist lives in, and through this imagining, some understanding of the artist is gained and connections form. Just as a sad movement of music can bring an audience to tears because of the connection made with the performer, a connection between the developer and the user can form through using his progr am. It’s odd to think about. How would using someone’s program create empathy? It does not just come from using someone’s program. Empathy comes from the curiosity created when you use the program. From my experience and knowledge of programming stems a curiosity to figure out why a program exists and how it works. By trying to understand the developer’s motivations, I can empathize with him and understand him. Take the famous game: Cut the Rope; I love this game and with every new release of levels I proceed to play through them all. As I do, I wonder about why the game seems fun, and how the developer designed the game to achieve such entertainment. I contemplate how they would have solved issues that immediately arise in my mind like the implementation of gravity or how to effectively integrate a trampoline into the gameplay. Through the developers art and my curiosity, empathy arises, giving me an appreciation and understanding of their art. However, what turns his program into art is my curiosity, and that mainly exists because of my background with programming. In my opinion, most people do not ever attempt to program and as a result take all of the technology around them for granted. For this reason, I feel programming should be taught regularly in public schools, or at the very least highly promoted as an important class. Some might argue, why is this necessary? Other vocational and fine arts provide the same benefits: an expression of oneself and an ability to share art and empathize with people. It could even be argued that such classes also teach critical thinking. However, I think programming is more worthwhile than any other class because of its growing prevalence in our culture. As I witnessed in my high school, the number of people actually interested in learning about programming has been a minority compared to the number of people who will take band and then forgo performing once they get out of high school. But take a look at computer usage in the world over the past ten years: computer processing power has increased exponentially and the number of people with smart phones has surpassed the number with â€Å"dumb† phones. With the advent of increased smart phone adoption, the prevalence of applications and the amount of usage they see has greatly increased over the past few years whereas the usefulness of reading music has dwindled. Even most upper level schooling depends upon software to make the school work as efficiently as possible. With such prevalence of software in our daily lives, I think the basic principles behind the software should be taught in schools, and with this will come all of the other benefits. The art expressed through progr amming will be available to a larger audience than before, connections created through empathy will increase between developers and users, and above all, critical thinking skills will easily improve in students who miss this vital part of education from their other subjects. With the way the public school system currently operates, I feel the addition of programming to the curriculum would greatly improve people’s understanding and appreciation of software and computers. The connections made between people through programming’s art form will increase because of the curiosity created. Last, critical thinking skills, which are vital to be a productive member of society, will greatly improve.

Purchasing Power Parity Definition and Challenges

Introduction Over the years, international trade began with countries engaging cross border economies. Exporting and importing are common practices and have influenced the economies of different markets in different countries. Scholars have engaged in studies to understand the economic trends and foreign exchange.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Purchasing Power Parity Definition and Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rate of inflation and economic changes are some of the interests for the researchers. Reactions to economic change and foreign exchange dynamics have been given attention in their studies. Central banks in different countries have also kept record of the statistics to monitor the inflation rates and the impacts of the changes in the foreign exchange market. Scholars engage in the studies to obtain knowledge of the factors that affect the international markets and to get insights on how the tension caused by financial market tension impact the economic market. Currencies have different exchange rates depending on their economies. Their purchasing power can be influenced by inflation rates. This paper will discuss purchase power parity. Then it will provide information on the monthly inflation rate of USA and Europe and present their relationship Purchasing power parity Definition In accordance with Suranovic (1), Purchasing Power Parity is an approach for determining exchange rates of utilities involving different economies. The purchasing power for commodities is viewed as similar in different countries when the concept of Purchasing Power Parity is implemented. Importing and exporting activities influenced by price variations affects the exchange rate. The current account transactions of a state impact the foreign exchange. The cost of commodities between those countries will replicate the exchange rate. Diversity of inflation rates will be equal to the percenta ge increase or decrease of the rate of exchange. When there is no uniformity in the purchasing power of similar goods in different countries, the national statistical revenue and the GDP can be adjusted to reflect similarity in the entities. The value of a currency should be decreased to enable purchasing power parity to be obtained after the inflation in a country is increased. Law of One Price The concept of purchasing power has a basis in the law of one price. This implies that when additional costs for transaction and trade barriers are eliminated, similar products will go for the same price in different economies, when the cost is translated into the same currency. The law advocates for same price in diverse countries or markets where taxes and additional costs in transportation and management are removed. When there are diversities between two markets, buyers may obtain goods from one market whose cost is less and sell in the other market. When the same product is sold elsewhe re for less, buyers obtain the product where the price is low. The demand for products in the market that has low prices will be increased and the prices will be raised.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the supply of goods in the other market with high prices will increase and the price of the goods will be reduced. Integrated markets without additional taxes or costs will have matching prices for the commodity. When disparity arises, buyers will acquire the goods with low prices and resell them. Eventually, the prices will be equal hence; the law of one price will have been applied. The law of One Price is challenged by trade barriers taxes, location differences, diverse trade laws and inadequate exchange of information. The price of the same commodity may be different in different markets within the same country. Consequently, the prices are likely to be different in other countries when the exchange rate is executed. Economywatch (1) adds that for the Law of One Price to apply between two countries there should be an existing competition on the same commodity in each of the countries. The law concerns products that can be bought and sold in the countries in comparison. The law considers transportation, trade restrictions, applicable taxes and other additional costs as major hindrances. The Law of One Price will apply to a single product while the Purchasing Power Parity applies to price level or a basket of goods. Assuming that the price level of one product will be similar to that of collective goods would be inappropriate. Different commodities vary in different markets. Purchasing Power Parity theory holds that equilibrium of the exchange rate between two currencies will result in an equal domestic purchasing power exchange rate. The concept of Purchasing Power Parity is important since it makes it possible to compare the stand ards of living between different countries as Amadeo (1) points out. When the cost of living is low, the amount required for production of goods for export is low. Hence, Purchasing Power Parity solves such issues. EconomyWatch (1) argues that products in different countries vary hence; using Purchasing Power Parity to determine the standards of living will be inappropriate. Purchasing Power Parity can be used to determine the rate of poverty in different countries. There are two types of Purchasing Power Parity namely Absolute Purchasing Power Parity and Relative Purchasing Power Parity. Absolute Purchasing Power Parity focuses on maintaining equal prices for identical products in two countries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Purchasing Power Parity Definition and Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relative Purchasing Power Parity centers on increasing the currency rates after deriving disparity from the two countries trading similar products. Purchasing Power Parity is obtaining from price differences from two countries for identical products. The calculations are affected by diversity in preference for products and diversity in standard consumer products. Obtaining measurements for Purchasing Power Parity can be challenging owing to the dispute of obtaining a suitable identical product for comparison between two countries. The products are referred to as a basket of goods. Prices in different industries such as housing, food, cloths, entertainment are diverse. A favorable basket of goods can become difficult to obtain and relate with the unit index. The culture and perceptions of purchasing are also diverse in different countries. Some of the differences make companies configure the constituents and quality of the utilities to fit the unique needs of the specific customers. Comparing more than two countries is complicated if the diversity of adjusted goods and services to sui t culture, quality and perceptions of different markets are to be considered (Deutsche 31). Purchasing Power Parity measurements vary according to the methodology used to measure. Statistics recorded in different countries may vary hence; obtaining an accurate measurement will be challenging. Price structures in diverse countries vary. Some products are locally available, others are rare. Comparing the products would be challenging because of location differences. Different formulas have been used and they offer different results. Linking regions can be of assistance in providing measurements. Similar items with similar costs in regions that are not dispersed can be considered to be reliable (Gardener 1). Challenges in Purchasing Power Parity The transaction value is obtained in the exchange rate of goods for domestic use and goods for export. Foreign exchange markets are also influenced by the purchase of capital assets, hedging, speculation, diversity in interest rate and interven tion from central bank. Purchasing Power Parity has been used to correct statistical disparity. Countries GDP can be adjusted. In states whose governments control the foreign exchange market, the Purchasing Power Parity will be of benefit. Domestic goods and services that are traded within the country like electric power are suitable for considering for the basket of goods. The goods that are long lasting like metal and diamonds and can trade in the global market and can be considered for Purchasing Power Parity comparison. Domesticated goods and services trade far from the exchange rates. Non perishable goods traded in the global markets trade closed to the exchange rate.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Government restrictions on trade and transport cost incurred when moving goods between markets are a stabling block. When the costs appreciate, the interest rates fluctuate. Customs fee and shipping fees are additional costs. When the additional cost is very high, the Purchasing Power Parity weakens. The prices of non-tradable goods which are not linked internationally affect the Purchasing Power Parity. An example of non-tradable goods is the construction industry outcomes. The outcomes are impacted by deviations in supply and demand within the country. Consequently, the prices of goods and services are affected hence; some of the goods that are traded in the international market will be affected. The purchasing power will decrease if the cost of non-tradable goods and services are high. Different market structures which cause diversity in the competition affect the Purchasing Power Parity. Segmented markets and differentiation of products have negative impacts. Unfair competition, trade barriers and control of national prices are common practices in the market. Diversity in demand causes a company to sell the same product at different prices in different countries. This situation can be reversed after a period when shifts in demand and change in market structure occur. Price levels and consumption rates diverge in different countries. The level of inflation is varying just like the unit prices vary; hence exchange rates from the data may not reflect accurate measurement. The price change for every unit may differ largely and the level of inflation may not reflect actual fluctuation. Purchasing Power Parity has been used to determine the international poverty line. The poverty line which reflects the national poverty line average is converted into international currency and then back to the currency against the Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates. The challenge is that the average costs for weights and prices that are used could be inaccurate. Those living below the poverty line may be using different price levels that differ with national prices. The economic activities and structures in developing and developed countries are different. Grouping them together may introduce bias. Determining international living standards is equally challenging owing to the diversity in market structures and levels of development in different countries. Monthly data on inflation rate Inflation rate is the rise in the cost of commodities compared to the standardized purchasing power. Some of the measures of standards for inflation are the consumer price index (CPI) and the GDP deflator. They measure the inflation within the country. Below are the inflation rates in USA and Europe. USA According to Trading Economics (1), the inflation rate in the month of November this year was 3.4 percent. The average inflation for the last twelve months was 3.4 percent, a decrease compared to the average for the previous period of twelve months, which was 3.5 percent . In the last twelve months, the energy sector has declined from 14.2 to 12.4 percent. Similarly, in the food sector, the index depreciated from 4.7 to 4.6. With the exception of food and energy sectors, the other sectors have experienced an average increase of 2.2 percent in November. Sectors that indicated a rise include personal care, shelter, apparel and medical care. The monthly inflation rates in 2011 were as follows. In January 1.6 percent inflation was recorded. There was an increase in February where the inflation was 2.1 percent. An inflation of 2.7 percent was recorded in March and 3.2 percent in April. In May, June and July, the inflation stood at 3.6 percent every month. A rise was also experienced in September where the inflation was 3.8 percent and 3.9 percent in October. The inflation was at 3.4 in November 2011. The inflation rate has been on the increase from the start of the year. The highest inflation was experienced in the month of September, with a high of 3.9 percent. In the past months, the inflation has been high. The inflation rate for the year 2011 is likely to be higher than the previous year. 2010. which had an inflation rate of 1.5 percent. In 2008, the annual inflation rate was at 0.1 percent, 2.7 percent in 2009 and 1.5 percent in 2010. The month of November was characterized by unchanged prices for most of the price index for common goods. The credit has been given to the depreciating fuel costs (Deutsche 30). Europe The annual inflation rate was at 3.5 percent in 2008, 0.8 percent in 2009 and 1.8 percent in 2010. The European central Banks has a mechanism of maintaining the economy of the region by intervening in the inflation rate. When the inflation rate is high, the bank increases the interest rates and when the inflation is low, the interest rates are lowered. The adjustments encourage investments and assist in correction of the growth rate. The bank aims at maintaining an inflation rate that is between 0-2 percent to enco urage economic growth. Europe uses Consumer Price Indexes to determine the inflation rate. One of the uniqueness of the inflation rates in Europe is that the energy and food indexes are not used to determine Consumer Price Index (CPI). According to the European Central Bank (62), the inflation rate in the last three months has been 3.0 percent. In August and July, the inflation stood at 2.5 percent while in June the inflation was 2.7 percent. The inflation rate has increased in the previous months and remains above the 2 percent mark that Europe targets to maintain. EUR/USD data In February, the EUR/USD traded at 1.3, then 1.4 in March and 1.42 in April, 1.5 in April. It traded between 1. 4 – 1.45 in March, June, July, August and September. It traded at 1.3 in September, 1.4 percent in November and 1.35 percent in early December. USA and Europe uses Consumer Price Index in their quest to determine the inflation rate. However, Europe excludes energy and food prices when calcul ating the inflation rate and determining the price of a basket of goods. The argument is that energy and food prices are unpredictable and highly variable. Fuel costs make food prices reduce and the purchasing power for both commodities to differ in the two countries. Although the European and USA markets are affected by global trends, how they react to the market challenges affects their rate of inflation and the price of goods and services. Impacts of differences between USA and Europe inflation on the EUR/USD relations The inflation rates have an impact on the economy of a country hence; the government and the central banks introduce policies that will safe guard economic interests. A number of major banks have been pursued to downgrade on long-term credits. This is in an attempt to reduce the rate of inflation. The measures affect the banks and lead to situations where they are at the verge of closing down. In similar circumstances, the interest rates increase when the inflation rate increases. The central or national banks therefore intervene to implement policies. In USA, the economy had experienced economic turmoil and most banks were in bad shape. In 2008, the Federal Reserve was in the forefront to assist banks stay afloat in the harsh economic time. The banks responded to the inflation rates by tightening the requirements for lending loans. In Europe, the central bank of Europe has been involved in the control of the market to manipulate the interest rates to remain low and encourage investment. The bank seeks to sustain an inflation rate of bellow 2 percent. The current inflation rate is above 3 percent and the government will implement policies that will encourage the inflation rate to be below 2 percent (European Central Bank: 12). European countries have agreed to settle for a budget that allow minimum deficit. The challenge is the trends in the market, which are varying and unpredictable. Dominant trends tend to withstand the test of time and in troduction of policies may become unfruitful. A large number of the European markets have an inflation rate that is lower than that of USA. The low inflation rate in the majority of the European markets shows the ability of the European Central Bank to be effective with the intervention and the possibility of reducing current inflation rate of above 3 percent to below 2 percent. Continuous reduction in the inflation rate will encourage stability. The USA inflation rates has remained high in the past months and reduced inflation by 0.1 percent in the last month of November. This is an indication that Federation Reserve is capable of bringing stability of the inflation rate as well as foreign exchange market rates. Inflation rates affect the standards of living when there is an increase. The prices increase and the standards of living are lowered if the income is not increased. Planning for the future becomes challenging since prices keep increasing. Inflation can be managed by introd ucing policies and ensuring there is a balance between supply and demand. Europe has been viewed as successful in the implementation of policies and has achieved a level of stability in some of the major markets. Countries that joined the European Union early have a low inflation rate than the new members of the union. European Commission (1) points out that inflation weakens purchasing power and is harmful to businesses. To achieve Purchasing Power Parity, USA and Europe have adjusted their policies to enable economic growth. When the wealth of a country is increased, the consumers have increased income and can purchase the goods. The challenge comes if the inflation rate is higher than that of other markets. The country with high prices of commodity will lose demand hence the policy makers in every country strive to maintain a low inflation rate like that of other markets to attain Purchasing Power Parity. EUR/USD relations have been identified as positive. Policies that make Euro pe inflation rates depreciate affect the US dollar by decreasing its value. Federal Reserve intervenes in open market and when the intervention is successful, the EUR/USD decrease if the US dollar increases value. EUR/USD relations are strong. The dollar trades in a large number of markets and has been used in numerous transactions. The USA economy is one of the leading economies in the world. The stability of exchange rates will maintain the Purchasing Power Parity. When there is a high inflation rate in one country than the other, the Purchasing Power Parity will differ. Then, policies and measures to stabilize the currency to enable Purchasing Power Parity will be adopted. Conclusion Purchasing Power Parity is defined as an approach for determining exchange rates of utilities linking different economies where the similar products should sell at identical prices in different markets. The cost of transport, shipping, applicable taxes and trade barriers are not included. Purchasing Power Parity is closely related to the Law of One Price. Law of One Price holds that a single product can be sold for the same price in two different countries where the cost of transport and other expenses are factored out. The Law of One Price focuses on one product while Purchasing Power Parity focuses on a group of goods, which can be referred to as a basket of goods. The level of price is the main concern. The two types of Purchasing Power Parity are Absolute Purchasing Power Parity and Relative Purchasing Power Parity. They focus on the same prices for identical products in two countries and on mounting the currency rates after deriving inconsistency from the two countries trading similar products respectively. Purchasing Power Parity is affected by variability in products, which is a challenge. The products demand and adjustment to suit the consumers may introduce bias in the measurement. Purchasing Power Parity affects exchange rates if acquisition of capital assets, hedging , speculation, diversity in interest rate and intervention from central bank are done. Suitable goods for a basket of goods are domestic product and goods that are long lasting. Government restrictions on trade barriers and market structures can also affect Purchasing Power Parity. Inflation rates vary in different countries and will require adjustments. Purchasing rate has been used to gage the poverty levels and the standards of living. The inflation rates of USA and Europe have been increasing, depending on economic dynamics. The EUR/USD relations are strong. Inflation in Europe will cause the EUR to be weak. The European Central Bank has introduced policies that will assist in strengthening the value of the currency. The USA Federal Reserve assists the open market economy to be sustainable and obtain a low inflation rate (Investopedia 1). Works Cited Amadeo, Kimberly. Purchasing Power Parity, 2011. Web.. http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/ppp.htm Deutsche, Bundesbank. Purc hasing power parity theory as a Concept for evaluating  price competitiveness: Monthly Report, 2004. Web. http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/mba/2004/200406mb_en_p urchasing.pdf EconomyWatch. Purchasing Power Parity Theory of Exchange Rate, 2010. Web. http://www.economywatch.com/economics-theory/purchasing- power-parity-theory-of-exchange-rate.html European Central Bank. Monthly Bulletin December, 2011. Web.http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/mobu/mb201112en.pdf European Commission. The consequences of inflation, 2011. Web.http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/focuson/inflation/consequences_en.ht m Gardener, Brian. US Inflation Calculator, 2011. Web. http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/current-inflation-rates/ Investopedia. Currency Pair: EUR/USD (Euro/U.S. Dollar), 2011. Web. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/forex/e/eur-usd-euro-us-dollar-currency- pair.asp#axzz1gsfpnzie Suranovic, Steven. Introduction to Purchasing power parity (PPP). International  Finance the ory and Policy, 2009. Web. http://internationalecon.com/Finance/Fch30/F30-1.php Trading economics. United States Inflation Rate, 2011. Web. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/inflation-cpi This report on Purchasing Power Parity Definition and Challenges was written and submitted by user Man-Thing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.